The overwhelming majority of South America's second-largest country is located south of the Tropic of Capricorn, placing it firmly in a temperate zone. This includes several countries that may not be traditionally considered tropical countries. More than 125 of the world's countries and territories are geographically located at least partially in the tropics (a full list appears below). Ecosystems in tropical countries are diverse, including tropical rainforests, "dry" deciduous forests, and deserts. Non-tropical climates do exist, however, as evidenced by dry regions such as the Sahara Desert and Australian Outback, the alpine tundra in parts of Chile and Peru, and the snowcaps on mountains such as Hawaii's Mauna Kea and New Guinea's Puncak Jaya. Most tropical countries have a tropical climate, in which the average monthly temperatures are always 18☌ (64.4☏) or higher and the year consists of two seasons: the wet/rainy season, in which most rainfall occurs, and the dry season. Tropical countries tend to have hotter, wetter, more humid weather than countries located in the middle latitudes/temperate regions and the polar regions. Due to higher-than-average population growth in sub-Saharan Africa, it is estimated that the percentage of the world's population living in the tropics will reach 50% sometime in the late 2030s/2040s. The tropics make up about 40% of the planet's surface area and are home to approximately 40% of the world's population. Tropical countries are nations that are located in the tropics, the belt-shaped region of the Earth closest to the Equator, horizontally bordered by the Tropic of Cancer to the north and the Tropic of Capricorn to the south.
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